Hispanic and Latino Population Presentation

Cultural Group: Hispanics and Latinos

A Brief History of the Cultural Group

Migrate to America from neighboring countries;
Primarily arrived in the 1980s (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018);
Constitute the USA’s largest minority group (Garcia, 2017);
Have a history of discrimination;
Retain distinguishing characteristics from each other.

Values and Worldview

Distinguish themselves with a community-oriented worldview;
Retain strong Catholic religious ties (Acuna, 2017);
Maintain strong sociopolitical stances (Garcia & Sanchez, 2016);
Are often placed contra “American values” (Acuna, 2017, p. 26);
Cannot be identified as anti-American outliers.

Language and Communication Patterns

A common language identifies Hispanics;
Except for Brazilians, Latinos speak Spanish (Acuna, 2017);
Language becomes symbolic of cultural identification;
First-generation immigrants have difficulty learning English (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018);
Children’s bilingualism may be valued.

Art and Other Expressive Forms

Art-related affairs are perceived positively;
Emotional expressivity is not restricted (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018);
It demonstrates people’s cultural affiliation;
Requires a communal “system of meaning” (Garcia, 2017, p. 272);
Artistic expression may derive from identity.

Norms and Rules

Families propagate previously apperceived rules;
Colonization and history shape norms (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018);
Gender expression is strongly culture-adherent (Acuna, 2017);
Respect is integral within local societies;
Traditionalism prevails in centralized communities.

Lifestyle Characteristics

Culture is omnipresent in people’s lives;
Close-knit communities instill homogenized behavior (Garcia, 2017);
“Cultural cues” outline analogous goals (Garcia, 2017, p. 19);
“Lifestyle improvements” are perceived positively (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018, p. 100);
Upper-middle-class lifestyles are highly valued.

Relationship Patterns and Common Rituals

Associations inside a community are essential;
The extended family maintains close contacts (Garcia & Sanchez, 2016);
Respect is the basis for interactions;
“Confianza” is crucial to relationships (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018, p. 168);
Everyday rituals interlink religion and culture.

Degree of Assimilation or Marginalization from Mainstream Society

Group together based on origins;
Undergo a “pan-ethnic identification” process (Garcia, 2017, p. 226);
Maintain a community-based approach to immigration (Garcia & Sanchez, 2016);
Taboos on particular relationships may exist (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018);
Dual cultural apperception may be prevalent.

Health Behaviors and Practices

Cultural customs may dictate health;
Low-income families have less healthy behaviors (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018);
Children uplift their parent’s habits;
“Acculturation” further stimulates detrimental health practices (Acuna, 2017, p. 177);
Adverse health effects introduced during assimilation.

Socio-Cultural Group: Cuban Heritage

A Brief History of the Socio-Cultural Group

Constitute Latino and Hispanic subgroups;
Castro’s regime influenced immigration practices (Castellanos & Gloria, 2018);
Have the highest business-count among Latinos (Acuna, 2017);
Not homogenous in racial origin (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018);
Differ widely in socioeconomic standing.

Values and Worldview

May maintain cautious political opinions;
Historical memory linked to human rights violations (Castellanos & Gloria, 2018);
Support governmental activity the least (Garcia & Sanchez, 2016);
Orient themselves towards entrepreneurial values (Garcia, 2017);
A business-related orientation is valued.

Language and Communication Patterns

Language becomes a heritage symbol;
Language proficiency linked with re-naturalization aspirations (Castellanos & Gloria, 2018);
Sayings and stories permeate life (Castellanos & Gloria, 2018);
Communication patterns rely on common heritage;
Contacts with Latino communities strengthened.

Art and Other Expressive Forms

Communities may value emotional expressivity;
Music carries obscure cultural meaning (Castellanos & Gloria, 2018);
Dance may maintain importance by association;
Communication through art is sustained;
Strong artistic expression is encouraged.

Norms and Rules

Historical influence created particular conditions;
Independence is valued over affirmative action (Garcia & Sanchez, 2016);
Demonstrate strong tendencies towards republicanism (Garcia & Sanchez, 2016);
An outlier community among Latino norms;
Maintain a desire for independence.

Lifestyle Characteristics

Living among Cubans is perceived positively;
Entrepreneurial affinity dictates business-related occupations (Garcia, 2017);
May attain higher socio-economical standing;
Financial stability gives heightened visibility (Acuna, 2017);
Money and reputation achieve security.

Relationship Patterns and Common Rituals

Rely on contacts within their culture;
An “exile community” interlinks people (Garcia, 2017, p. 58);
Attachment to respect and care (Castellanos & Gloria, 2018);
Pleasing interactions form a communicational basis;
Relationship patterns are extended family-inclusive.

Degree of Assimilation or Marginalization from Mainstream Society

High socioeconomic standing demonstrates social integration;
Prefer acculturation over assimilation (Acuna, 2017);
Some children-emigres lose cultural contacts (Castellanos & Gloria, 2018);
Mono or bicultural apperceptions may exist;
Varied cultural appreciation may prevail.

Health Behaviors and Practices

Distinct from other Latino experiences;
Have a heightened risk for cancers (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018);
Demonstrate a higher life expectancy (Arellano-Morales & Sosa, 2018);
Income bracket could affect results;
Behavior may be uplifted during naturalization.

Both Groups

A Comparison and Contrast Analysis of Common Characteristics and Distinguishing Traits between the Groups

Perceive government assistance drastically differently;
Differ in average socioeconomic standing;
Maintain similar, respectful relationship patterns;
Rely predominantly on community-inclusive connections;
Creative cultural expression is valued.

A Discussion of Differential Approaches Needed by Health Care Professionals

Lifestyle betterment outlined as crucial;
Artistic pastimes can be utilized;
Communal help may be expected;
Gender norms should be anticipated;
Require varied approaches to expenditure.

References

Acuna, R. F. (2017). US Latino issues (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood.

Arellano-Morales, L., & Sosa, E. T. (2018). Latina/o American health and mental health: Practices and challenges. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

Castellanos, J., & Gloria, A. M. (2018). Cuban Americans: From golden exiles to dusty feet – Freedom, hope, endurance, and the American dream. In P. Arredondo (Ed.), Latinx immigrants: Transcending acculturation and xenophobia (pp. 75-94). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

Garcia, F. C., & Sanchez, G. R. (2016). Hispanics and the US political system: Moving into the mainstream (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Garcia, J. A. (2017). Latino politics in America: Community, culture, and interests (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.

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