Analysis of Entrepreneurial Values and Theory of Multiple Intelligences in Technopreneurship

Abstract

This study aims to build the Guidance of technopreneurship, especially Information Technology (IT) technopreneurship using an expert system approach based on entrepreneurial values and multiple intelligences. The research consists of several steps: system analysis and design, system development, and test and implementation system. The result is the guidance of technopreneurship using an expert system. The expert system consists of expertise domain, knowledge representation, rules, and input and output data. Data input consists of indicators of entrepreneurial values and multiple intelligences. The data output consists of conformity with 8 IT technopreneur ships ie Software Application Developer, Data Analyst, System Analyst, Software Engineering, Computer Network Engineer, Graphics Designer & Animator, Multimedia System Developer, and Embedded & Computer System Engineer. he test results with internal testing and external testing show the system works well.

Keyword: Guidance; Technopreneurships; Information Technology Expert System; Entrepreneurial Values; Multiple Intelligences

1. Introduction

Information technology (IT) technopreneurship is growing rapidly in accordance with the progress of information and communication technology. Technopreneurshipis the key to economic development in a country (Pawitan et al., 2017). The students are the youth generation who will become future leaders and assets of the nation’s resources. The Students need to be directed and mentored for the future, business and technopreneurships be an alternative for them. The student’s potential to become a businessman and technopreneur is influenced by various factors (Dutshe et al., 2013; Kamarudin et al., 2013; Rosly et al., 2015). Various institutions such as government, campus, and other institutions make efforts to increase the interest of students or young generation to entrepreneurship, business, and technopreneurships (Dutshe et al, 2013; Son et al., 2016; Mirzanti et al., 2017).

Career selection is not an easy thing for students (Haji et al. 2014).The students in determining careers in the future need guidance and consultation.IT Technopreneurs become one of the student career alternatives. Career guidance for students should be done according to student characteristics (Bilon, 2013; Purnomo et al., 2016). The system for guidance and student career consultation are implemented with various models and methods. there are guidance system methods with manual or computation. The career guidance based on computing can use the expert system, data mining, soft computing, and others. Computing with expert systems can be used for career guidance (Haji et al. 2014; Waghmode & Jansandekar, 2015).

In this research, we build an IT technopreneurships Guidance system using Computation with an expert system approach based on Students’ Personal Characteristics.In this research, IT technopreneurships is divided into 8 types namely Software application developer, Data analyst, System analyst, Software Engineer, Computer network engineer, Graphics Designer & animator, multimedia System developer, and Embedded System & Computer System Engineer (Singgih et al., 2016). Students’ personal characteristics that will be used are entrepreneurial values character and multiple intelligences.

2. Literature review

2.1 Entrepreneurship and Technopreneurship

The technopreneurs are part of entrepreneurship. Technopreneurship is a type of entrepreneurship that combine with technological ability. development of entrepreneurship interest, including technopreneurship in the young generation by improving entrepreneurial spirit. There are 2 kind of entrepreneurial spirit namely entrepreneurial attitude dan entrepreneurial activities (Pawitan et al., 2017). The spirit and character of Technopreneur are formed 3 main component that is intrapersonal, interpersonal and extrapersonal.The intrapersonal and interpersonal are components of the soft skill factor, while extrapersonal is the ability to be able to utilize both soft skill components widely (Depdinas, 2008).

The entrepreneurial theory and practice should be developed with the concept of social enterprises and address social problems by applying holistic scientific principles and thinking system (Trivedi & Misra, 2015).the development of entrepreneurship and technopreneursip need to be done by various institutions with various policy (Dutshe et al, 2013; Kamarudin et al., 2013; Rosly et al., 2015; Abdad & Wahab, 2016).

Information technology (IT) technopreneurship is technopreneurship that uses IT skill and ability. There are many types of IT technopreneurship among them are Software application developer, Data analyst, System analyst, Software Engineer, Computer network engineer, Graphics Designer & animator, multimedia System developer, Embedded System & Computer System Enginee and others (Singgih et al., 2016).

2.2 Career Guidance

Career Counseling and Guidance should be done with a multidisciplinary framework, such as psychology, sociology, education science, human resource management, andragogy and consellogy. The career conselling relates with scholar identifying with various factors and characteristics. Framework of career conselling are Contuctivism Framework, Dialogical Self Theory, The Chaos Theory, Sociological theory, and Coselogy framework (Bilon, 2013). Personal traits and emotional intelligence affect Entrepreneurial Intention. The most influential factor in both is the need of achievement (dehkordi et al., 2012).

2.3 Expert system

Intelligent computing is a computer programming paradigm that tries to approach human intelligence.The most popular intelligent computing today is the expert system. Expert system is software application for decision-making or problem-solving that can achieve a level of performance that approaches human experts. The expert system compiled by the development environment and consultation environment. part of the development environment relates to the expert domain while the consultation environment is related to the users (Turban, 1992).

The expert system is widely used in all aspects of life. The Expert system is used for career selection in secondary to higher education (Waghmode & Jansandekar, 2015).The expert system application with multi-expert system method based on multi-agent paradigm and semantic webfor educational and career guidance (Haji et al. 2014).Expert system with a learning engine system that functions to form a new dynamic rule used in Power Plant with Distributed Control system (DCS) (Kaimal et al., 2014). Expert system is used as a Mathematics learning system for students with concept efect relationship (CER) which can facilitate learning (Salekhova et al., 2013).expert ystem is used for more effective expert advice with incomplete data or inputs (particular field). Expert system consulting can save time, cost, easy to use, easy access and can consult with expertise from many experts (Saif et al., 2014). Web-based expert system as a tool for the process of decision-making is used to identify for the selection of trust trading partners (Aziz, 2015).

3. Research methods

This research is a modified research and development type. Research and development is a process or steps to develop a new product or to improve an existing product that can be accounted. In this research developed system application for Guidance IT technopreneurship with expert system computing approach based on Entrepreneurial Values and Multiple Intelligences. With the research flow as follows:

Figure 1: Flow Diagram of the Research

3.1 System Analysis and Design

At this step carried out system requirement analysis and design. The requirement analysis related to the data input of characteristics personal students. In the research characteristic personal students using parameters Entrepreneurial Values and Multiple Intelligences. As for the output contains 8 IT Technopreneurship that is Software Application Developer, Data Analyst, System Analyst, Software Engineering, Computer Network Engineer, Graphics Designer & Animator, Multimedia System Developer and Embedded & Computer System Engineer.

The Inventory data input using a questionnaire consisting 17 indicators with 5 scale answers. Inventory data inputs Entrepreneurial Values consist of independence, Creative, Dare to Take Risks, Action Oriented, Leadership, Hard Work, Disappointing, Commitment, Realistic, Sense of Know, Communicative, and Motivation for Success. Multiple Intelligences inventory using Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Scale consisting of 40 indicators with 5 answer scales. Multiple Intelligences consist of Visual-Spatial, Logical Mathematics, Bodily Kinesthetics, Naturalist, Musical, Linguistic, Interpersonal and Intrapersonal.

Table 1:List of Inventory Data Input

Inventory Data Input
Indicators

Entrepreneurial Values

Independent (1 indicator), Creative (1 indicator), Dare to Take Risks (1 indicator), Action Oriented (1 indicator), Kepemimpinan (1 indicator), Hard Work (1 indicator), Disappointing (Ulet) (1 indicator), Commitment (1 indicator), Realistic (1 indicator), Sense of Know (1 indicator), Communicative (1 indicator), Motivation for Success (1 indicator)

Multiple Intelligences

Visual Spatial (5 indicators), Logical Mathematics (5 indicators), Bodily Kinesthetics (5 indicators), Naturalist (5 indicators), Musical (5 indicators), Linguistic (5 indicators), Interpersonal (5 indicators) and intrapersonal (5 indicators).

3.2 System Development

System development method using system development life cycle (SDLC) approach. The Guidance system for Technopreneurship by using expert system computing approach based on Entrepreneurial Values and Multiple Intelligences. This system consists of expert domain, knowledge representation, rules and user interface.Expertise domains in this system are IT businessman, IT technopreneur, IT academic and business/management. The mettods how to get data from the expertise domain are by interview, questionnaire and observation. The result of the expert domain is used to make the knowledge representation by using the frame. Sample frames for Software Application Development as in table 2.

Table2: Frame of Software Application Development

SLOT
fillers
Entrepreneurial Values

Independent (similar), Creative (similar), Dare to Take Risks (similar), Action-Oriented (similar), Kepemimpinan (similar), Hard Work (similar), Disappointing (similar), Commitment (similar), Realistic (similar), Sense of Know (similar), Communicative (similar), Motivation for Success (similar).

Multiple Intelligences

Linguistic Intelligence medium, Logical-Mathematical Intelligence medium or high, Visual-Spatial Intelligence medium, Interpersonal Intelligence mediumand Naturalist Intelligent medium.

The rules of the guidance system is based on the frame that is formed. There are 8 rules that match the 8 Information Technology (IT) Technopreneurship that is Software Application Developer, Data Analyst, System Analyst, Software Engineering, Computer Network Engineer, Graphics Designer & Animator, Multimedia System Developer and Embedded & Computer System Engineer. The rules are shown at table 3:

Tabel 3:Rules of System

Rule 1

IF Entrepreneurial Values are similar and Linguistic Intelligent is medium AND Logical-Mathematics Intelligence is medium or high AND Visual-Spatial Intelligence medium AND Interpesonal Intelligence medium AND Naturalist Intelligence medium THEN Software Application Developer

Rule 2

IF Entrepreneurial Values are similarANDLinguistics Intelligece medium AND Logical-Mathematics Intelligence medium or high AND Interpersonal Intelligence medium THEN Data Analyst

Rule 3

IF Entrepreneurial Values are similar ANDLinguistics Intelligece medium or high AND Logical-Mathematics Intelligence medium or high AND Visual-Spatial Intelligence medium AND Musical Intelligence medium AND Interpersonal Intelligence medium AND Naturalist Intelligence medium THEN System Analyst

Rule 4

Rule 5

IF Entrepreneurial Values are similar ANDLinguistics Intelligece medium or high AND Logical-Mathematics Intelligence medium or high AND Visual-Spatial Intelligence medium AND Body-Kinesthetics Intelligence medium AND Interpersonal Intelligence medium AND Naturalist Intelligence medium THEN Computer Network Engineer

Rule 6

IF Entrepreneurial Values are similar ANDLinguistics Intelligece medium or high AND Visual-Spatial Intelligence medium or high AND Body-Kinesthetics Intelligence medium AND Musical Intelligence medium AND Interpersonal Intelligence medium AND Naturalist Intelligence medium THEN Graphics Desaigner & Animator

Rule 7

IF Entrepreneurial Values are similar ANDLinguistics Intelligece medium AND Visual-Spatial Intelligence medium or high AND Body-Kinesthetics Intelligence medium AND Musical Intelligence medium AND Interpersonal Intelligence medium AND Naturalist Intelligence medium THEN Multimedia System Developer

Rule 8

IF Entrepreneurial Values are similar AND Linguistics Intelligence medium AND Logical-Mathematical Intelligence medium or high AND Visual-Spatial Intelligence medium AND Body-Kinesthetics Intelligence medium AND Musical Intelligence medium AND Interpersonal Intelligence medium AND Naturalist Intelligence medium THEN Embedded & Computer System Engineer

3.3 Test and Implementation

Test of the research consist of internal test and external test. Internal test consists of white box test and white box test. External test consists of an expertise judgment test and user acceptance test. The implementation step of the system is implemented to test sistem whether it is running well. Implementation of the use of a guidance system to a group of IT Students.

4. Result and discussion

This research builds the guidance system technopreneurship using expert system approach based on entrepreneurial values and multiple intelligences. Arsitektu system built as in figure 2 below:

Figure 2: Architeture of Guidance System

User give input data of Entrepreneurial Values and Multiple Intelligences through an interface. The input data are used as indicators of Entrepreneurial values and multiple intelligences parameters and are stored in the database. Entrepreneurial values database and multiple intelligences user will be used for the guidance process. Expert domains provide the knowledge that is replicated by the knowledge representation which is then created rules and stored in the database rules. The Guidance of technopreneurship process involves rules and Entrepreneurial Values and Multiple Intelligences indicators. This process generates the output stored in the database of result. User can see result of guidance through interface.Te Guidance System uses expert system computing wih interface shown in figure 3 bellow :

Figure 3: Examples of Interface Guidance System

Internal testing is done with Black Box test and White Box test. Black box testing is done to ensure that an input or enter will run the appropriate process and produce output according to the system design. White Box testing is a test case design method that uses a procedural control control structure to obtain a test case. Flowchart on white box testing on this system the value of CC (Cyclomatic Complexity) obtained value less than 3 which means the program is not complicated.

The of external testing consist of user acceptance test and expert judgment test. The result of user acceptance test which consist of usage, navigation and display is 89%. The test results with expertise judgment test consist of computational aspect and technopreneurship guidance aspect. The computing aspect get score 84.5% and technopreneurship guidance aspect get score 90%. The results of external testing show that the system will be running well for use.

5. Conclusion

The students and the younger generation should be encouraged to entrepreneurship, including being technopreneurs. information technology is growing rapidly. it is opening the opportunity to become a technopreneur in the field of information technology. The Students or the younger generation in determining their potential to become technopreneurship need guidance and consultation. In this research built the guidance system of technopreneurship by using expert system computing approach based on Entrepreneurial Values and Multiple Intelligence.There are 8 IT technopreneurship in the systemSoftware Application Developer, Data Analyst, System Analyst, Software Engineering, Computer Network Engineer, Graphics Designer & Animator, Multimedia System Developer and Embedded & Computer System Engineer.

The research built the Technopreneurship Guidance System with expert system approach. The expert system consists of expertise domains derived from IT businessman, IT technopreneur, IT and business/management academics. Result from expertise domain is used to create knowledge representation. Knowledge representation is used to create rules. In this system made 8 rules in accordance with the number of IT technopreneurship available. Input data comes from the score indicator entrepreneurial values and multiple intelligences. Indicators for Entrepreneurial Values consist of Independent, Creative, Dare to Take Risks, Action Oriented, Leadership, Hard Work, Disappointing), Commitment, Realistic, Sense of Know, Communicative, Motivation for Success. Indicators for Multiple Intelligences are Visual Spatial (Logical Mathematics, Bodily Kinesthetics, Naturalist, Musical, Linguistic, Interpersonal and Intrapersonal. Input data processed by rules with expert system approach will produce the appropriate IT Technopreneurship output.

The results of internal and external testing show that this system can be used as a Guidance System for technopreneurship, especially IT technopreneurship for students based on entrepreneurial values and multiple intelligences.

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