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What is Ideology?
The word ideology is a combination of two words “Ideo” and “Logos”.Ideo means idea or specific opinion and logos means science so, ideology is the science of ideas that contains specific reasons and beliefs behind ideas.
It is set beliefs and values that firmly hold people together and it reflects the demands, wishes, and aspirations of a nation.
The basic benefit of ideology is that it keeps a nation united at a specific point and gave them a goal, their national life because mostly ideologies emerge at the time of crisis when people think their social identity, their culture, and language are under influence of another nation. Moreover, when they realize that their ethnicity is going towards its end. The same are the reasons behind the ideology of Pakistan.
The ideology of Pakistan:
Every movement in the world always has a specific ideology and the reason behind the emergence of Pakistan was its ideology of Islam. The ideology of Pakistan is
“Sovereignty belongs to Allah and the building force behind the establishment of Pakistan is Islam.”
It means that the purpose behind the creation of Pakistan was a separate homeland for Muslims of the subcontinent in which they are free to lead their life according to their religion and practice their rituals freely in light of their religion without any fear. To add more, the reason behind the ideology of Pakistan was that Muslims of the subcontinent realize that their political, religious, and cultural identity is facing threats from Hinduism and if they continue to live with them even in the “Democratic state of India” the ultimate result is loss of their identity as a nation. So for the protection of their identity as a nation, they demand a separate homeland on the ideological basis of Islam.
As ideology is an evolutionary process in the same manner ideology of Pakistan proceeds in the evolutionary manner in which
- Allama Iqal gave philosophical thought.
- Quaid e Azam practiced it into political reality.
- And the constitution of Pakistan gave it a legal sanction.
Two nation theory:
Two nation theory is the base of Pakistan from which the ideology of Pakistan emerges. Hindus and Muslims are not a single nation of the sub-continent they are two different nations with different and opposite religious identities and cultural values and they are two distinct nations.
The concept of two nation theory, in the political forum, was firstly given by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan however Muslims used this term before it that they are a separate nation but it was Sir Syed who declared Muslims as a separate nation on political aspects.
In short two-nation theory is the main factor behind separation of the sub-continent and the freedom movement.
Historical background of two nation theory and ideology of Pakistan:
Pakistan is a state which emerges on basis of ideology not on basis of territorial location and its ideology has a complete history behind it. In the sub-continent both Hindu and Muslim communities were living together they were both poles apart from each other. The Hindu claims that Muslims are a minority and there is only a single nation in India. But becomes clear that Muslims are a separate nation after the war of independence of 1857 when only Muslims become victims brutality of the British instead of the fact that Hindus also took part in this war. After this Urdu-Hindi controversy, 1867 took place a result of which Sir Syed gave the two-nation theory. Reunion of Bengal 1911 was also an eye-opener incident for Muslims that instead of claiming a single nation Hindus were not ready to accept the rights of Muslims given by the British. Even the brutality reaches its peak when Hindus launched religious movements in order to force Muslims to accept Hinduism. These were all reasons behind the two-nation theory and religious movements by Hindus against Muslims gave rise to it and also the emergence of the ideology of Pakistan. As the ideology of Pakistan possesses an Islamic basis so, according to Hadith
“All non-muslims are one nation”
From this, it is clear that Muslims are a separate nation and they have their own identity in every aspect.
Two nation theory and ideology of Pakistan in light of pronouncements of Quaid e Azam:
Mohammad Ali Jinnah also known as The Father of Nation was the person who turned the philosophical idea of Iqbal about a separate homeland into a practical reality. He was a lawyer and a politician. After completing of his degree of law from Lincoln’s Inn he came back home and joined Indian National Congress but in 1913 he joined Muslim League because congress just claims to represent Muslims but in actuality, he was just a political body working for Hindus. Jinnah even after he left congress worked for Hindu Muslim unity and he was given by the title of “Ambassador of peace.”
In 1913 at a round table conference he said
“It is necessary to resolve Hind Muslim dispute before application of any constitution until they gave a guarantee to secure rights of Muslims any constitution who does not give guarantee about rights of Muslims is not acceptable even for 24 hours.”
On basis of the two nation theory, he said
“Muslims of sub-continent is a separate nation and they have right to establish their own country in which they can freely promote and practice their religious, cultural and political values according to their religion”.
In his speech at Lucknow in 1937 he said
“The majority community have shown that Hindustan is for Hindus”
On a historical session of Muslim league on 23 March at Lahore, he said
“Muslims are not a minority in sub-continent. They are a separate and independent nation by every definition. By all international standards of definition of nation we are a nation”.
In his address of 1940 as president of the Muslim league he said
“India is a sub-continent.It is not a country because different nations are living there and they have different benefits associated with it and among these nations, the Hindus and the Muslims are in majority. Both of these nations have different cultures, religious values and literature even though they have different customs of marriage and death they both are pole a part in every aspect. Even in the religious aspect, they have different history so, both are two independent nations.”
He further said as a minority Muslims are not able to improve their position in united India under one central government however they can improve themselves by division of united India”.
In 1944 his address at a Muslim university he said
“For decades Hindus and Muslims are living together even in same villages but they not blend themselves as a single nation. They were two different nations”.
At another occasion he said Pakistan come into emergence when the first non-muslim becomes Muslim in India before the establishment of Muslim rule. When a Hindu embraced Islam he was an outcast from Hindus not with respect to religion but also socially, culturally and economically.
Throughout ages, Muslims are just been Muslims and Hindus are just Hindus.
On ideology, Jinnad believed that Islam is the force that makes Muslims a nation.
In a sermon, he said, “We are not demanding Pakistan just a piece of land because we want to make Pakistan a laboratory in which we are able to exercise all teachings of Islam.”
In his message to Muslim students, he said “The purpose of Pakistan is not only to get freedom and independence but Muslim ideology which is a precious gift for us that holds us together.”
He also said, “what is the relationship between us that holds us together, which is the rock on which building of Muslims establish, which rope hold us together, the relationship, the building, and the rope is Holy Quran.”
In 1945 in his Eid message he said “The life code for Muslims is Quran and it is their religious, cultural, economical, judicial and military code. It has influence in every part of our life and our holy Prophet urges us to follow all teachings of Islam in our daily life.”
In short, all these sayings of Quaid e Azam prove his struggle for Pakistan was completely based upon two nation theory and Islamic ideology.
Two nation theory and ideology of Pakistan in light of pronouncements of Allama Iqbal:
Allama Iqbal also called Hakeem- ul- ummat was the person who awakened the Muslims of the sub-continent through his poetry and he was the one who gave the idea of a separate homeland for Muslims.
He explains ideology that,
“Islamic opinion on the concept of nationalism is different from all other nations. The base of Islamic nationalism is not a uniform language, living within the same territory or economy. We as Muslims all belong to one nation founded by the holy Prophet and our membership rests on common belief about the universe and historical traditions that we all share together.”
He also explains the two-nation theory through his poetry and in his different sermons he asks that Muslims are a nation in every aspect of life.
In his famous Allahabad address of 1930, he said “I would like to see Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab, and N.W.F.P emerges as a state. Self-government outside or inside the British empire. And the final destiny of North West Indian states is to appear as a Muslim state.”
Allama Iqbal also wrote a letter to Mohammad Ali Jinnah in which he said that “Muslims of North West India and Bengal should be considered as a nation. They are a nation just like other nations inside or outside India.”
He further said that “It is necessary that we cannot ignore that the future of Islam in Asia with respect to moral values and political identity just depends upon Indian Muslims.”
On two nation theory, he further said “Muslims and Hindus are living together for thousands of years and they have their own different ideologies so the only solution of Indian political conflict is separation on India”.
He also said, “ I am demanding a separate homeland for Muslims on basis of Islam because India is a continent of different nations belonging to different races, they speak different languages and practice different religions”.
Conclusion:
To sum up, the emergence of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims is the fruit of the efforts of Allama Iqbal and Quaid e Azam who awake Muslims of the sub-continent on basis of the two nation theory which was politically given by Sir Syed and Islamic ideology which emerges from this theory. Allama Iqbal links the two nation theory and ideology of Pakistan through his philosophical thoughts and he also writes letter to Quaid e Azam to come back in order to fight for Muslims of the sub-continent.On the other hand, Quaid e Azam proves practically that without Islamic ideology and two-nation theory emergence of Pakistan as a state was impossible because the formation of Pakistan is not on territorial or language basis it was on a religious and cultural basis.
References:
- https://www.worldbulletin.net/personage/allama-iqbal-pakistans-ideological-founder-h122627.html
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jinnah_mohammad_ali.shtml
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